What is the difference between haploid and diploid cells?

Haploid and diploid cells are defined by the number of sets of chromosomes they possess. A diploid cell contains two complete sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent. This configuration allows diploid organisms to have pairs of homologous chromosomes, which is crucial for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. In many organisms, including humans, somatic (body) cells are diploid, meaning they have 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs.

In contrast, haploid cells contain only one set of chromosomes. This is the typical state for gametes, which are the reproductive cells, such as sperm and eggs in animals. When two haploid gametes fuse during fertilization, they restore the diploid state in the resulting zygote.

Understanding this distinction is essential in genetics, as it relates to processes such as meiosis, where diploid cells undergo division to create haploid gametes, ensuring that each offspring receives the correct amount of genetic material.